Nakamura, a University of Michigan scholar and author, begins her treatise with a striking image: a group of Kenyan women who are paid “two dollars an hour to train and clean ChatGPT by reading and labeling snippets of violent, racist, and sexist remarks.” These women “feed” developing AI models the consistent stream of data needed to help the models learn and grow. According to Nakamura, the invisibility of these workers exemplifies the vital but unrecognized labor that women of color have long invested into the modern internet. She writes, “[T]he technological horizon that marks the beginning of technologies that feel like a new epoch of machine intelligence is enabled and marked by the labor of women of color—labor that is strategically erased in some moments and hypervisible in others.” To support her thesis, Nakamura profiles Navajo women in Shiprock, New Mexico, who created “chips for calculators, transistor radios, and other early media devices [that] was understood as creative cultural labor, and thus not labor….This enables its marginalization from capital—it doesn’t pay to do this work, though it should.” Nakamura also profiles Tila Tequila, a queer, Vietnamese refugee who Nakamura calls “the first influencer.” Despite Tequila’s accomplishments, she was never credited as being a social media pioneer; instead, she was met with condescension and cruelty. Using examples like these, the author convincingly argues that the internet (in particular, social media) would not exist without the underpaid or unpaid invisible labor of women of color. The book’s prose can be dry, but its thesis is fascinating. As Nakamura writes, “If you are holding a digital device in your hands, it was almost certainly touched by a woman of color before you, most likely the Southeast Asian woman or women who built it.”